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Goats represent a significant reservoir for tuberculosis (TB) in animals, contributing notably to public and animal health challenges, causing economic repercussions. Ante mortem diagnosis of TB is hindered by the limited sensitivity of available techniques and false-positive results from other mycobacterial infections, such as paratuberculosis (PTB). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics provides unique fingerprinting of the disease`s metabolic status, making it a promising diagnostic tool. However, conventional high-resolution NMR has limitations in veterinary practice, where high costs and large equipment size are major constraints. Benchtop NMR spectrometer is proposed as a compact, cost-effective alternative for livestock farms. The study aimed to evaluate NMR-based metabolomics as a diagnostic tool and transfer it from high-resolution to benchtop NMR spectrometers in an animal setting. Serum samples from TB-infected, PTB-infected (n = 16), and healthy control goats (HC) were analyzed by both high-resolution and benchtop NMR spectroscopy. Multivariate statistical analysis successfully differentiated groups on the basis of their metabolic profiles with both spectrometers. We identified that betaine, glucose, glycerol, and lactate are significantly capable of distinguishing between the three groups. Additionally, 3-hydroxybutyrate, creatine, glutamate, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, and tyrosine further differentiate TB from HC. Acetate, creatine, glutamate, isoleucine, leucine, and lysine distinguish TB from PTB, while 3-hydroxybutyrate and phenylalanine serve to differentiate PTB from HC. Analyses with both high-resolution and benchtop spectrometers demonstrated high sensitivity and accuracy and reliable metabolite identification. These findings highlight NMR`s spectroscopy potential to identify biomarkers associated with TB and PTB infection, improving health management in livestock

Alonso-Moreno P., Ortiz P., Ortega J., Velasco-Reinaldos C., Lopez A., Izquierdo-Garcia JL. and Bezos J..

Metabolomic signatures of tuberculosis and paratuberculosis in goats revealed by high-resolution and benchtop NMR spectroscopy

Metabolomic signatures of tuberculosis and paratuberculosis in goats revealed by high-resolution and benchtop NMR spectroscopy

	Grupo de RMN e Imagen en Biomedicina. Instituto Pluridisciplinar. Universidad Complutense (UCM).
	Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad Complutense (UCM).
	Servicio de Micobacterias (MYC). Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET). Universidad Complutense (UCM).
	Departamento de Sanidad Animal. Facultad de Veterinaria. Universidad Complutense (UCM).
	ICTS Bioimagen Complutense. BIOIMAC. Universidad Complutense (UCM).
	Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES). Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII).