SCI scientific publications 2024
Tertiary lymphoid organs in wild boar exposed to a low-virulent isolate of African swine fever virus
The Veterinary Quarterly 44(1):1-13.
Despite the great interest in the development of a vaccine against African swine fever (ASF) in wild boar, the immunological mechanisms that induce animal protection are still unknown. For this purpose, tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) of wild boar were characterised and compared with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs) by histopathology, histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry (CD3, CD79, PAX5, LYVE1, fibronectin). In addition, real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (p72) were used to evaluate the presence of ASF virus (ASFV) in blood and tissues samples, respectively. TLOs were observed in animals infected with a low-virulent ASFV isolate (LVI), animals co-infected with low and high-virulent ASFV isola… Leer más
Porras N., Sanchez-Vizcaino JM., Rodriguez-Bertos A., Kosowska A. and Barasona JA..
Editorial: Tuberculosis in domestic ruminants: towards eradication of zoonotic tuberculosis
Frontiers In Veterinary Science 11:1453876.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a zoonosis with a significant impact on human and animal health and it remains endemic in many countries around the world. Most cases of human TB are caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, whilst TB in wildlife and domestic ruminants is mainly caused by animal adapted mycobacterial species such as M. bovis and M. caprae. However, the impact of zoonotic TB (zTB) has been known for a long time and resulted in the implementation of milk pasteurization as a preventive public health measure in many countries. According to data published by the WHO, more than 140,000 people are infected and more than 12,000 die every year due to zTB, particularly in the African and Southeast Asian regions. Zoonotic M. bovis transmission repres… Leer más
Boschiroli ML., Salguero FJ., Jones G. and Bezos J..
Geospatial analysis for strategic wildlife disease surveillance: African swine fever in South Korea (2019-2021)
PLoS ONE 19(6):e0305702.
Since the confirmation of African swine fever (ASF) in South Korea in 2019, its spread, predominantly in wild boars, has been a significant concern. A key factor in this situation is the lack of identification of risk factors by surveillance bias. The unique orography, characterized by high mountains, complicates search efforts, leading to overlooked or delayed case detection and posing risks to the swine industry. Additionally, shared rivers with neighboring country present a continual threat of virus entry. This study employs geospatial analysis and statistical methods to 1) identify areas at high risk of ASF occurrence but possibly under-surveilled, and 2) indicate strategic surveillance points for monitoring the risk of ASF virus entry … Leer más
Ito S., Bosch BJ., Aguilar-Vega C., Jeong H. and Sanchez-Vizcaino JM..
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in domestic goats in Southern Spain
Preventive Veterinary Medicine 227:106204.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by bacteria belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC), which can affect a wide variety of domestic and wild animal species. Although the role of goats as a reservoir of MTC bacteria has been evidenced, information about the circulation of MTC strains in this species is still very scarce. The aim of the present study was to determine the seroprevalence, spatial distribution, risk factors and MTC spoligotypes circulating in goats from Andalusia (Southern Spain), the Spanish region with the largest goat census and a hotspot area of TB in both cattle and wild ungulates. A total of 2155 serum samples from 80 goat flocks were analyzed by an in-house ELISA using the P22 prot… Leer más
Jimenez-Martin D., Garcia-Bocanegra I., Risalde MA., Napp S., Dominguez M., Romero B., Moreno I., Martinez R. and Cano-Terriza D.
Neuropathological lesions in intravenous BCG-stimulated K18-hACE2 mice challenged with SARS-CoV-2
Veterinary Research 55(1):71.
In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, questions emerged about the potential effects of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine on the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, including the neurodegenerative diseases it may contribute to. To explore this, an experimental study was carried out in BCG-stimulated and non-stimulated k18-hACE2 mice challenged with SARS-CoV-2. Viral loads in tissues determined by RT-qPCR, histopathology in brain and lungs, immunohistochemical study in brain (IHC) as well as mortality rates, clinical signs and plasma inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers were assessed. Our results showed BCG-SARS-CoV-2 challenged mice presented higher viral loads in the brain and an increased frequency of neur… Leer más
Sánchez-Morales L., Porras N., Garcia-Seco T., Perez-Sancho M., Cruz F., Chinchilla-Rodríguez B., Barroso-Arevalo S., Diaz-de Frutos M., Buendia A., Moreno I., Briones V., Risalde MA., de la Fuente J., Juste R., Garrido J., Balseiro A., Gortazar C., Rodriguez-Bertos A., Dominguez M. and Dominguez L..
Editorial: Pathogen transmission at the domestic-wildlife interface: a growing challenge that requires integrated solutions
Frontiers In Veterinary Science 11:1415335.
Wildlife has coexisted with domestic animals in dynamic systems over thousands of years. Domestic-wildlife interfaces are intricate, encompassing physical spaces where wild and domestic species overlap and potentially interact, posing risks of pathogen transmission. The nature of this interface has changed over time and across landscapes, leading to continuous emergence of different conflicts. In addition, human processes that alter ecosystems have led to more interconnected interfaces and increased opportunities for the emergence and spread of shared pathogens (1).
The main goal of this Research Topic was to promote integrative research at domestic-wildlife interfaces globally to characterize and better understand specific eco-epide… Leer más
Jiménez-Ruiz S., Santos N., Barasona JA., Fine AE. and Jori F.
Neurobrucellosis (Brucella ceti) in striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba): Immunohistochemical studies on immune response and neuroinflammation
Veterinary Pathology 17:3009858241250336.
Neurobrucellosis is a shared condition of cetaceans and humans. However, the pathogenesis and immune response in cetacean neurobrucellosis has not been extensively studied. In this multicentric investigation, 21 striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) neurobrucellosis (Brucella ceti) cases diagnosed over a 10-year period (2012-2022) were retrospectively evaluated. For each case, morphological changes were assessed by evaluating 21 histological parameters. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical expression of Brucella antigen, glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), and a selection of inflammatory cell (IBA-1, CD3, and CD20) and cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α], interferon-gamma [IFN-γ], interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-2, and … Leer más
Rebollada A., Giorda F., Pumarola M., Martino L., Gómez-Buendía A., Romani-Cremaschi U., Casalone C., Mattioda V., Di Nocera F., Lucifora G., Petrella A., Dominguez L., Domingo M., Grattarola C. and Rodriguez-Bertos A..
Non-invasive surveillance of shared pathogens in the Eurasian brown bear (Ursus arctos) human interface
One Health 18:100746.
Multi-host communities are perfect scenarios for the emergence and spread of pathogens, threatening the recovery of endangered, isolated, or inbred populations, such as the brown bear (Ursus arctos) in northwestern Spain. The population recovery in recent years has forced bears to occupy highly anthropized areas, increasing their interaction with human and domestic animals, with potential consequences for global health. During 2022-2023 a survey of parasites, bacteria and viruses shared between wildlife, domestic animals and humans was performed in this population using non-invasive surveillance, i.e., bear fecal samples (n = 73) and sponge-based sampling of trees (n = 42; 14 rubbed trees and 28 control trees). Pathogen detection rates were… Leer más
Herrero-Garcia G., Barroso P., Dashti A., Gonzalez-Barrio D., Naves J., Fernandez-Gil A., Ugarte-Ruiz M., Perez-Sancho M., Royo JL., Carmena D., de Miguel A., Garcia-Rodriguez A., Gortazar C., Dominguez L. and Balseiro A.
Detection of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) in urine samples during outbreaks of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy
Equine Veterinary Journal 56(3):456-463.
Background: Real-time PCR is the diagnostic technique of choice for the diagnosis and control of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) in an outbreak setting. The presence of EHV-1 in nasal swabs (NS), whole blood, brain and spinal cord samples has been extensively described; however, there are no reports on the excretion of EHV-1 in urine, its DNA detection patterns, and the role of urine in viral spread during an outbreak.
Objectives: To determine the presence of EHV-1 DNA in urine during natural infection and to compare the DNA detection patterns of EHV-1 in urine, buffy coat (BC) and NS.
Study design: Descriptive study of natural infection.
Methods: Urine and whole blood/NS samples were collected at different time points dur… Leer más
Velloso-Alvarez A., Jose-Cunilleras E., Dorrego-Rodriguez A., Santiago-Llorente I., de las Cuesta-Torrado M., Troya-Portillo L., Rivera B., Vitale V., de Juan L. and Cruz F..
Active surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in companion animals: A pilot study in a Spanish Veterinary Teaching Hospital
Comparative Immunology, Microbiology And Infectious Diseases 108:102169.
The role of small animal veterinary hospitals in the onset and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant organisms (AMROs) is still not clear, and the implementation of an internal surveillance systems is a cost-effective tool to better understand their impact. The aim of this study was to describe a pilot program of active surveillance in a Spanish Veterinary Teaching Hospital, developed to estimate the detection frequency of AMROs in the commensal flora of patients and in the environment. Surveillance was focused on Methicillin-resistant Staphylococci (MRS), third generation cephalosporins resistant gram-negative bacteria (3GCR-GNB), and carbapenems-resistant gram-negative bacteria (CR-GNB). Oral and perirectal swabs were collected in the … Leer más
Scarpellini R., Leal Velez de Mendizábal L., Quevedo-Caraballo S., Blanco JL., Garcia ME., Perez-Sancho M., Portero-Fuentes M., Penelo S., Esposito E., Mondo E. and Piva S.
Forensic findings in urban red fox mortality in the metropolitan area of Madrid, 2014-2022
Journal Of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 36(4):510-514.
The expanding presence of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in urban and suburban regions could potentially lead to increased instances of human aggression towards this species. We studied 10 deceased red foxes that were submitted by law enforcement agencies in the metropolitan area of Madrid in 2014-2022 because of suspected abuse. Forensic autopsies were performed to establish the cause and manner of death. In 4 of the 10 cases, the cause of death was deemed unnatural, involving blunt-force trauma (n = 2), asphyxia resulting from hanging (n = 1), and firearm injury (n = 1). Among the remaining cases, most had succumbed to natural causes (n = 4), often marked by severe emaciation and a high burden of parasites, primarily Sarcoptes scabiei. In 2 ca… Leer más
Rebollada A., Barcena C., Porras N., Dominguez L. and Rodriguez-Bertos A..
First Report of Lactococcus petauri in the Pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) from Candia Lake (Northwestern Italy)
Fishes https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040117.
Lactococcus petauri has emerged as a pathogen affecting farmed fish. In this case report, L. petauri was isolated from Lepomis gibbosus captured in Lake Candia, located in Piedmont, Northwestern Italy. Initially identified as L. garvieae using conventional methods like RAPID 32 ID STREP and MALDI-TOF, molecular analysis based on sequencing of the 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) confirmed it as L. petauri. The study also assessed the isolated strain’s pathogenicity by examining hemolysin and capsule cluster genes, revealing only hemolysin 2 amplicon; notably, the fish exhibited no lesions or pathological alterations. The L. petauri strain from this study displayed resistance to several antibiotics, being sensitive only … Leer más
Bondavalli F., Colussi S., Pastorino P., Zanoli A., Bezzo Llufrío T., Fernandez-Garayzabal JF., Luigi Acutis P. and Prearo M.
Eco-Sanitary Regionalization of Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) in the Western Palearctic Realm as a Tool for the Stewardship of African Swine Fever
Transboundary And Emerging Diseases 8080496.
African swine fever (ASF) is a viral hemorrhagic disease affecting domestic and wild suids, with catastrophic socioeconomic impact worldwide. In the European scenario, wild boar (Sus scrofa) actively contributes to the maintenance and spread of the disease. In this study, we applied a multivariate clustering method to define ecoregions in the western Palearctic realm based on ecological and sanitary aspects of ASF in wild boar. Beforehand, we performed a principal components analysis for the eight selected variables. An analysis of the countries was carried out in terms of the extent of ecoregions and ASF notifications. After clustering, we identified nine eco-regions that showed important differences based on the used eco-sanitary variable… Leer más
Aguilar-Vega C., Munoz-Perez C., Sanchez-Vizcaino JM., Martinez-Aviles M. and Bosch J.
Molecular detection of herpesvirus in a skin lesion of a humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) from the Western Mediterranean Sea
European Journal Of Wildlife Research 70:31.
Herpesvirus has the potential to infect a wide variety of animal species. In cetaceans, Alpha- and/or Gammaherpesvirinae have been identified in eight families of odontocetes, and one family of mysticetes. In May 2022, an adult humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) was found stranded in Valencia, Spain. The whale was emaciated, in poor body condition, with multiple lacerations on the dorsal fin and a high number of epibionts of the Cyamidae family, known as whale lice. The individual had been previously released from a ghost net entanglement 5 days before becoming stranded. In a closer examination, various skin lesions were observed, including chronic, proliferative, and erosive dermatitis and a large ulcer extending to the deep dermis. A… Leer más
Vargas-Castro I., Crespo-Picazo JL., Jimenez-Martinez MA., Munoz-Baquero M., Marco-Cabedo V., Garcia-Parraga D. and Sanchez-Vizcaino JM..
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma treated with surgical resection, toceranib phosphate and firocoxib in a dog: a case report
Veterinary Research Communications 48(3):1921-1927.
Exocrine pancreatic carcinomas are rarely reported in dogs. A ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma in a 10-year-old intact beagle is described in this report. The diagnosis was made based on clinical signs, imaging (abdominal ultrasound and CT scan) and histopathology. Treatment consisted of partial right lobe pancreatectomy followed by adjuvant therapy with toceranib phosphate (Palladia®) and firocoxib (Previcox®) for six months. The treatment was well tolerated, and the survival time was 445 days. To our knowledge, this is the longest survival reported in the literature for a dog diagnosed with exocrine pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The results described here may contribute to provide a better understanding about this neoplasia and potential tre… Leer más
Fuertes-Recuero M., Vazquez-Fernandez E., Lizasoain-Sanz G., Arroba-Alonso A., Sanchez-Lopez A., Martinez-de Merlo E., Suarez-Redondo M. and Ortiz-Diez G.
Application of machine learning with large-scale data for an effective vaccination against classical swine fever for wild boar in Japan
Scientific Reports 14(1):5312.
Classical swine fever has been spreading across the country since its re-emergence in Japan in 2018. Gifu Prefecture has been working diligently to control the disease through the oral vaccine dissemination targeting wild boars. Although vaccines were sprayed at 14,000 locations between 2019 and 2020, vaccine ingestion by wild boars was only confirmed at 30% of the locations. Here, we predicted the vaccine ingestion rate at each point by Random Forest modeling based on vaccine dissemination data and created prediction surfaces for the probability of vaccine ingestion by wild boar using spatial interpolation techniques. Consequently, the distance from the vaccination point to the water source was the most important variable, followed by elev… Leer más
Ito S., Aguilar-Vega C., Bosch J., Isoda N. and Sanchez-Vizcaino JM..
Evaluation of the Effect of a Recent Comparative Intradermal Tuberculin Test on the Humoral Diagnosis of Paratuberculosis Using Serum and Milk Samples from Goats
Veterinary Sciences 11(3):105.
Paratuberculosis (PTB) and tuberculosis (TB) are two mycobacterial diseases with a severe economic and health impact on domestic ruminants. The ante mortem diagnosis of PTB is hampered, among other factors, by the limited sensitivity of all the available diagnostic techniques. Since TB-infected goats subjected to the comparative intradermal tuberculin test (CITT) may experience a booster effect on their antibody titer and a potential enhancement to the sensitivity of humoral techniques for tuberculosis, in the present study we aimed to evaluate this diagnostic strategy on the humoral diagnosis of PTB in serum and milk samples collected from a caprine herd that was TB free and PTB infected. The results from 120 goats indicated a significant … Leer más
Velasco-Reinaldos C., Ortega J., Gómez-Buendía A., Grau A., Lopez M., Alvarez J., Romero B., de Juan L. and Bezos J..
Phenotypic and genetic characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis isolates from humans and animals in Spain from 2006 to 2021
The Journal Of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 79(4):790-800.
Objectives
While an increase in the levels of MDR in Salmonella enterica sevorar Choleraesuis has been reported in Europe, little is known about the situation in Spain. Therefore, we first aimed to assess the phenotypic resistance profile and to determine the presence of genetic determinants of resistance of S. Choleraesuis isolates collected in animal and human. Our second objective was to identify and characterize clusters of highly related isolates.
Methods
We analysed 50 human and 45 animal isolates retrieved from 2006 to 2021 using the disc diffusion method and performed WGS followed by analyses of genetic determinants and phylogenetic analysis.
Results
All isolates were of ST145 and c… Leer más
Jacqueline C., Samper-Cativiela C., Monzon S., Ugarte-Ruiz M., Cuesta I., Alvarez J. and Herrera-Leon S.
Landscape connectivity for predicting the spread of ASF in the European wild boar population
Scientific Reports 10;14(1):3414.
African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious and highly fatal disease affecting wild and domestic swine, which is unstoppably spreading worldwide. In Europe, wild boars are one of the main drivers of spread, transmission, and maintenance of the disease. Landscape connectivity studies are the main discipline to analyze wild-species dispersal networks, and it can be an essential tool to predict dispersal-wild boar movement routes and probabilities and therefore the associated potential ASF spread through the suitable habitat. We aimed to integrate wild boar habitat connectivity predictions with their occurrence, population abundance, and ASF notifications to calculate the impact (i.e., the capacity of a landscape feature to favor ASF spread) an… Leer más
Goicolea T., Cisneros-Araujo P., Aguilar-Vega C., Sanchez-Vizcaino JM., Mateo-Sanchez MC. and Bosch J.
Forensic investigations of suspected livestock depredation by vultures: scientific tools for compensation programmes
Journal Of Comparative Pathology 209:22-30.
Human–wildlife conflicts may have devastating consequences for fauna due to targeting by humans of wildlife populations suspected to have predated livestock. Suspicion of depredation of extensively raised livestock by vultures in Europe has triggered public administration-led forensic investigations intended to distinguish between predation and scavenging in order to compensate farmers for attacks on their livestock. In this study, gross and histological analyses were carried out on suspected cases of domestic animal depredation by griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) over a 1-year period. Fifty-eight animals were affected (n = 41, suspected depredation), including domestic cattle (75.9%), sheep (22.4%) and a goat (1.7%). All the adults affected … Leer más
Rebollada A., Gómez-Buendía A., Dominguez L. and Rodriguez-Bertos A..
Effect of a recent intradermal test on the specificity of P22 ELISA for the diagnosis of caprine tuberculosis
Frontiers In Veterinary Science 11:1-7.
Caprine tuberculosis (TB) is a zoonotic disease caused by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. TB eradication programs in goats are based on the single and comparative intradermal tuberculin tests (SITT and CITT, respectively). Antibody-based diagnostic techniques have emerged as potential diagnostic tools for TB. P22 ELISA has been previously evaluated using samples collected after the intradermal tuberculin tests to maximize the sensitivity, a phenomenon known as booster effect. However, there is no information available on whether the use of this diagnostic strategy could lead to a decrease of its specificity (Sp). The aim of the present study was to elucidate the interference effect of a recent CITT on the Sp of the P22 EL… Leer más
Velasco-Reinaldos C., Ortega J., Rincón-Fernández de la Puente J., Romero B., de Juan L., Dominguez L., Dominguez M., Moreno I., Alvarez J. and Bezos J..
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria: occurrence in skin test cattle reactors from official tuberculosis-free herds
Frontiers In Veterinary Science 11:1361788.
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are considered a relevant cause of non-specific reactions to the most widely applied bovine tuberculosis (bTB) test, the intradermal tuberculin test. In order to establish which NTM species might act as a potential source of such diagnostic interference, a collection of 373 isolates obtained from skin test positive cows from 359 officially tuberculosis-free (OTF) herds, culled in the framework of the bTB eradication campaign in Spain, were identified at the species level through PCR and Sanger sequencing of the 16S rDNA, hsp65 and rpoB genes. Of the 308 isolates for which a reliable identification was achieved, 32 different mycobacterial species were identified, with certain species being most represented:… Leer más
Gómez-Buendía A., Alvarez J., Bezos J., Mourelo J., Amado J., Saez-Llorente JL., de Juan L. and Romero B..
Detection of Brucella in Dermacentor ticks of wild boar with brucellosis
Transboundary And Emerging Diseases 2024:5517000, 12 pag.
Brucellosis is a sanitary and economically relevant disease affecting humans, livestock, and wildlife. Ticks have been suggested as vectors, long-term carriers, and amplifiers of Brucella. In this study, ticks from wildlife ungulate hosts living in hunting reserves of a central region of Spain were collected during a 6-year period, pooled, and screened for Brucella spp. by PCR. Aiming to correlate Brucella spp. DNA presence in ticks with Brucella spp. infections in wildlife ungulate hosts, liver samples from deceased wildlife ungulates coming from the hunting reserves showing a positive result for Brucella in ticks were tested using a commercial ELISA. In total, 229 tick pools from wild boar (Sus scrofa, n = 176; 76.8%, 95% CI 7… Leer más
Rebollada A., Martinez I., Duque C., Garcia-Seco T., Escacena C., Dominguez L., Rodriguez-Bertos A. and Garcia N..
The association of Lactococcus petauri with lactococcosis is older than expected
Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 578(740057):1-7.
Lactococcosis is a globally prevalent infectious disease that has a significant economic and sanitary impact on the rainbow trout industry. Lactococcus garvieae has traditionally been considered the only species implicated in the etiology of this disease, but Lactococcus petauri, a new species, has recently been implicated as another etiological agent. Both species cannot be distinguished by routine methods commonly used in diagnostic laboratories, resulting in their misidentification. In the present study, the identification of 48 isolates initially identified as L. garvieae was studied by determining their in-silico DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) values using pairwise comparisons of their whole genome s… Leer más
Vela AI., Blanco MM., Colussi S., Kotzamanidis C., Prearo M., Altinok I., Acutis P., Volpatti D., Alba P., Feltrin F., Ianzano A., Dominguez L. and Fernandez-Garayzabal JF..
Identification of promoter activity in gene-less cassettes from Vibrionaceae superintegrons
Nucleic Acids Research 52(6):2961-2976.
Integrons are genetic platforms that acquire new genes encoded in integron cassettes (ICs), building arrays of adaptive functions. ICs generally encode promoterless genes, whose expression relies on the platform-associated Pc promoter, with the cassette array functioning as an operon-like structure regulated by the distance to the Pc. This is relevant in large sedentary chromosomal integrons (SCIs) carrying hundreds of ICs, like those in Vibrio species. We selected 29 gene-less cassettes in four Vibrio SCIs, and explored whether their function could be related to the transcription regulation of adjacent ICs. We show that most gene-less cassettes have promoter activity on the sense strand, enhancing the expression of downstream cassettes. Ad… Leer más
Blanco P., Hipolito A., Garcia-Pastor L., Trigo de Roza F., Toribio-Celestino L., Ortega AC., Vergara E., San Millan A. and Escudero JA..
Heat-inactivated mycobacteria activate the toll-like receptor 2 and 4 pathways in the zebrafish model of tuberculosis
Vaccine S0264-410X(23)01544-X.
Based on previous evidence demonstrating the efficacy of inactivated mycobacteria for the control of fish mycobacteriosis, we explored the protective efficacy of two inactivated Mycobacterium bovis administered via parenteral and mucosal routes against Mycobacterium marinum infection mimicking natural conditions in the zebrafish model of tuberculosis. Although we did not observe a clear effect of any of the immunostimulants on mycobacterial burden, the results showed a significant increase in TLR2 and TLR4 gene expression levels in fishes parenterally immunized with inactivated Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Our findings demonstrated that the TLR2 and the TLR4 signaling pathways are involved in the immune response elicited by inactivated m… Leer más
Ferreras E., Contreras M., Risalde MA., Sevilla IA., Delgado E., Dominguez L., Gortazar C. and de la Fuente J.
